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The piccolo clarinets are members of the clarinet family, smaller and higher pitched than the more familiar high soprano clarinets in and D. None are common, but the most often used piccolo clarinet is the A clarinet, sounding a minor seventh higher than the . Shackleton also lists obsolete instruments in C, B, and A. Some writers call these sopranino clarinets or octave clarinets. The boundary between the piccolo and soprano clarinets is not well-defined, and the rare instruments in G and F might be considered as either. Shackleton along with many early twentieth-century composers uses the term "piccolo clarinet" to refer to the and D clarinets as well (piccolo merely meaning "small" in Italian). This designation is less common today, with the E and D instruments more usually designated soprano clarinets. The A clarinet is pitched a minor seventh higher than the B soprano clarinet. Its lowest note, E, sounds as concert middle C, the same as many concert flutes. Clarinets pitched in A appeared frequently in European wind bands, particularly in Spain and Italy, at least through the middle of the 20th century, and are called for in the stage-band parts for several operas by Verdi.〔Basil Tschaikov, "The high clarinets," in Colin Lawson, ''The Cambridge companion to the clarinet'', (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 52-55.〕 Cecil Forsyth associated the high instruments with Austria saying, "Clarinets in (high) F, and even in (high) A are occasionally used abroad. The latter instrument is regularly employed in the Austrian military bands."〔Forsyth, ''Orchestration,'' second edition, p. 281 (Dover Reprint) ISBN 978-0-486-24383-2〕 A famous example of extensive use of a high clarinet in a Viennese small ensemble was the Schrammel quartet, consisting of two violins (the brothers Johann and Josef Schrammel), a bass guitar, and G clarinet, played by Georg Dänzer, during the 1880s.〔 The A clarinet is not uncommon in clarinet choir arrangements—for instance, those of Lucien Calliet, including Mozart's ''Marriage of Figaro'' overture—though the instrument is often optional or cued in other voices. There are parts for A clarinet in Béla Bartók's ''Scherzo for Piano and Orchestra,'' op. 2 ("mostly in unison with the E or piccolo") and in John Tavener's ''Celtic Requiem'' (1969).〔 Several chamber works of Hans-Joachim Hespos employ the A clarinet,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.hespos.info/index.php?navi=content&id_area=1&level=2&npoint=113,187,0,0,0,0 )〕 including the wild ''go'' which also features soprano sarrusophone, heckelphone, and tárogató. Hespos also uses the A clarinet in the orchestral work ''Interactions''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.hespos.info/index.php?navi=content&id_area=1&level=2&npoint=113,189,0,0,0,0 )〕 At least four manufacturers currently produce A clarinets: Leblanc, L. A. Ripamonti (featured in the pictures),〔(L. A. Ripamonti's A clarinet page )〕 Orsi Instruments and Schwenk and Seggelke. As of 2003, the Leblanc A was only being made under special order.〔(Post by Diz to the Clarinet List, 2003-06-27 based on information from Leblanc Sydney )〕 Ripamonti produces both German and French system (including Full Boehm) A clarinets. Schwenk and Seggelke make German system clarinets in A and high G. ==Notes== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Piccolo clarinet」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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